In your case, not at all.
You would be better off getting a HEPA kit for your Jet system and then wearing some level of particle mask.
The filter you have filters as much air in a minute as the system you're looking at does in an hour.
And that doesnt even consider the smaller system would only be making the air safer near the exhaust port, which is not necessarily where you're breathing. Plus you'd have to drag it around and set it up all over the shop. Not a good use of your time.
I think you're right to take a belt and suspenders approach to protecting your lungs. But I think there is a more effective and straight forward solution: a respirator. Better to put the filter in front of your airway instead of several feet away.
You could do something as simple as a KN95 particle mask all the way up to a full-face HEPA PAPR respirator. I've seen guys use them for heavy duty lathe work and it seems really sharp. That way you're protected during really dusty operations and by the time you're done the JET will have pulled most of the crud out of the air in a couple minutes (unless your shop it super huge).
Best of luck and three cheers for respiratory safety!